RLT - SYNTACTIC MARKER OF NOUN AND ADJECTIVE IN THE NEW YORK TIMES ARTICLE

Posted by : Unknown Sabtu, 20 Januari 2018

SYNTACTIC MARKER OF NOUN AND ADJECTIVE

IN THE NEW YORK TIMES ARTICLE
RESEARCH LANGUAGE TEACHING

Lecturer: Rukminingsih, S.S., M.Pd.

By:

Iska Mawarsita (157004)

Franky Steelman Derek (157066)

SEKOLAH TINGGI KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN

PERSATUAN GURU REPUBLIK INDONESIA

JOMBANG

2017

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

Language is the most important means of communication of human beings. By using language, people are able to communicate and cooperate with others. People use language as the medium of expressing ideas, feeling, and thoughts. English is one kind of language, which is used to communicate by people. English is an important language used by people around the world as it is an International language. So it is very important and it must be learned.

English has a language structured which is studied in the form of Syntax. Gleason (1961:128) states that syntax is the study of language and sentence. In syntactic analysis, Radford (1997:1) says that syntax is concerned with the way in which words can be combined together to form phrases and sentences. Moreover, Chomsky (1966:1) states that syntax is the study of the principles and process by which sentences are constructed in particular languages.

According to the definition of syntax above, it is concluded that syntax is the arrangement and relationship among words, phrases, and clauses forming sentences based on grammatical rules. In this case, studying syntax is very important since it studies how sentences are formed and arranged based on the grammatical rule. As a result, to determine the syntactic patterns in the articles about retirement by New York Times, the researcher decides to use syntactic markers of noun, verb, adjective, and adverb and the markers of all of it. This is aimed to know the syntactic markers of noun, verb, adjective, and adverb in the article of Retirement published by New York Times.

Retirement used to be the pot of gold at the end of the rainbow, life's reward, time as enviable as wealth. But in an age-defying, competitive culture, it has become something of a dirty word. Retirement is when a person chooses to leave the workforce. The concept of full retirement – being able to permanently leave the workplace in old age.

Benjamin W. Veghte, Elliot Schreur, and Mikki Waid in the article of SOCIAL SECURITY AND THE RACIAL GAP IN RETIREMENT WEALTH states that “retirement wealth has three primary components: Social Security, pensions, and savings (housing assets also play a role, and will be discussed in the next section)”. However, getting retirement is not a good choice, as we still need job to earn money to be able to fulfill the needs of our lives. Retirement nowadays is faced by old people who need to stop working.

Based on the problems stated above, the writer has a deep interest to know deeper about the syntactic markers of noun, verb, adjective, and adverb in the article of Retirement published by New York Times. Therefore, the writer intends to do a research with the title “Analysis on The Syntactic Marker of Noun and Verb in the Article About Retirement by New York times”.

1.2 Research Question

Based on the background above, the writer states the research questions as follow:

1. What kinds of syntactic markers that are available in New York times article?

2. How is the structure construction of the sentences in syntactic markers found in New York times article?

1.3 Objective of the Research

The objectives of this research based on research problem above are:

To find out the kinds of syntactic markers that are found in New York times article.
To explain the structure construction of the sentences in syntactic markers found in New York times article

1.4 Scope and Limitation

There are several kinds of syntactic markers in the study of syntax. They are syntactic marker of verb, noun, adjective and adverb. In this study, the researcher intends to limit the research by analyzing the syntactic marker of noun and adjective. And for the article, the researcher chooses the article about retirement entitled Whatever You do, Call It Work by William L. Hamilton published on April 21^st, 2008.

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Syntax is determining the relevant component part of sentence. It also means as describing these parts grammatically (Wekker, 1985:5). This definition of syntax implies that we start from what is regarded as the largest unit of syntactic description –the sentence- and proceed until we arrive at the smallest meaningful unit. This is called a ‘top to bottom’ analysis. The units smaller than the sentence will be referred to as clauses, phrases, words and morphemes respectively.

If a word is combined in other words in English language and form of syntactic structure, there will be a wide range of structures with various groups that make up the structure of the word. In the structural approach, there are four types of syntactic structure. The other structures are only the combination of them. The structure in English language are grouped into four based on the structural meaning. Those four types are structure of modification, structure of predication, structure of complementation and structure of coordination. In this study the writer analyzed

more about the first type that is the structure of modification.

B. structures of modification

Aronoff and Fudeman (2005:1) in his book The Grammar of Words of a Language stated that in analyzing structures of modification, it is sometimes useful to talk about the "head" of a construction. The head of a construction is the single word that "gets modified," the word that could by itself stand for the whole construction in the grammar of the sentence. It is the word in the construction that all the modifying elements "depend on."

Matthews (1974:9). Word Formation of Linguistics: The structures modification is a modifier in syntactic markers which consists of Function words, Inflections, Derivations, and Word order. The main Noun marker is function words, called Noun Determiners. Determiners contains articles, determiner as pronoun, and others. The next is inflection. In inflections, there are two; those are Plural inflections (-es) and Possessive or Genitive inflection (-‘s). Derivation also takes an important role to construct the syntactic marker. Derivation can be added in verb, adjective, noun, or in bound stem. And the last is word order. Word order can be seen from the position in the sentence. The position of the sentence can be before or after verb.

The main adjective marker is word order & function word, derivation & inflections. In word order & function word, it is about syntactic marker that is most dominant for adjectives and the accuracy of the word that is put in two blank spaces of the structure. It is the position between noun-determiner ---noun and position after adjective qualifier ---. For derivation & inflection, they have several elements such as base adjectives and derived adjectives.

For further detail of theory, here the researcher provides the theory of structure construction of the sentences in syntactical marker of noun and adjective.

Table 1. The Data Tabulation of Structure Construction in Syntactic Marker of Noun

NO	MARKER		EXAMPLES
1.	function words	as articles	a = there is a girl over there, I watched a movie an = there is an angel, it’s an apple, I saw an uncle the = the girl beside me is my sister, the boy playing with you was my cousin
		as pronouns	My = it is my book, he is my boyfriend, she is my sister Your = it is your book, he is your boyfriend, she is your sister Our = this is our wedding party, those are our books Their = she is their mother, he is their father His = it is his pen, that is his phone Her = this is her veil, I brought her bag
		as others	This/these : this is a cap, these are caps Many : there are many people here, I have many caps That/those : that is my friend, those are my friends More : I have more money, I got more chances to do this One : I just have one love, he is the one I love Several : I told you several times, I have given you several chances to change Both : You must take both proficiency tests Toefl and Ielts, I need both of you All : It’s all my mistake, they are all my friends
2.	inflections	Plural inflections (-es)	Book à books (s) : these are my books, I have many books, I bought a lot of books Box à boxes (es) : I brought many boxes, You have a lot of boxes, we need many boxes Dog à dogs (s) : she has two dogs, he gets three new dogs, Finda and Anton buy female dogs Bus à Buses (es) : three buses had left the town, many buses are on the road Pitch à Pitches (es) : she has good pitches, we need more pitches to win to make our voice strong Potato à Potatoes (es) : I like potatoes, mom is cooking more potatoes for us River à rivers (s) : so many rivers in Rome, This city is full of rivers Cat à cats (s) : those are my cats, I love these cats
2.	inflections	Possessive ( -‘s)	Students’ : students’ scores are increasing mom’s : mom’s birthday is near Lila’s : It it Lila’s bag Father’s : Today is father’s birthday My friend’s : my friend’s jewelry is expensive my aunt’s : my aunt’s wedding party is amazing
3.	derivations	Add in Verb	(-ment) = payment, agreement (less) = careless, reckless, flawless (mis) = misjudge, mismove (pre) = prejudge, pretest
		Add in Adjective	(-ity) = facility, hostility : we have complete facility, it is just your hostility toward me (-ness) = happiness, boldness : we’ve got happiness in life, it is our boldness to start the war (ful) = joyful, cheerful, stressful : this is joyful, you’re cheerful, I am really stressful right now (ism) = bilingualism : we use bilingualism in this class
		Add in Noun	(-ian) = mathematician, librarian : he is mathematician, he works as librarian (-ship) = friendship, sponsorship : this is called friendship, I need sponsorship to support me (-dom) = kingdom: our kingdom is powerful (-hood) = neighborhood: he is my neighborhood
		Add in Bound Stem	(er) = carpenter: my father is a carpenter (ism, ist) = communism, communist : we built communism to gather communist
4.	word order	the position in the sentence.	- She has got the sponsorship Sponsorship is Noun There is article (the) There is derivation (ship) It is put after verb “got” - Windy has built a kingdom Kingdom is Noun There is article (a) There is derivation (dom) It is put after verb (built)

Table 2. The Data Tabulation of Structure Construction in Syntactic Marker of Adjective

NO	MARKER	EXAMPLES
1.	Word Order & Function Word	v The syntactic marker that is most dominant for adjectives is the accuracy of the word that is put in two blank spaces of the structure *“The … Man is very …* “ it is the position between noun-determiner ---noun and position after adjective qualifier --- Word that is not suitable in two places, or just suitable in one of two places, it is not an adjective. Example: The strong man is very strong The white girl is white The black girl is very black The tall man is very high
2.	Derivation & Inflections	DERIVATION: BASE ADJECTIVES and DERIVED ADJECTIVES Base Adjectives is original adjectives. Derived Adjectives is adjectives derived from word class except adjectives. Base Adjectives Ø Have marker of inflectional suffixes ( -er)/ more for comparative degree and (-est)/ the most for superlative degree. Ø Example (er and est for words that have 1 or two syllables): Ø big-bigger-biggest Ø example (more and the most for words that have more than 2 syllables) Ø beautiful – more beautiful – the most beautiful Ø Base-Adj that has a shape change (suppletion): Ø Good-better-best Ø Bad-worse-worst Ø We can add derivation (-ness) to be noun dan (-ly) to be adverb. Ø Adj --- Noun --- Adverb Ø Black-blackness-blackly Ø Not only (-ness), but also (-th), (-ity) to be noun Ø Dead-deadness-death Ø Disparate - Disparateness – disparity Ø Lucid - Lucidness – lucidity Ø There are some Base-Adj which have never been changed into Adverb, such as: Small; little; long; ill, cute, fast, hard, enough. Ø Base-Adj that is changed into Adv without adding (-ly): Ø Adj ------ Adverb Ø Hard – hard (NOT hardly) Ø High – high (NOT highly) Ø Fast – fast (NOT fastly) Ø Base-Adj commonly consists of one syllable, there are some words that start with (un-) or (-in): Ø Good; strong; bad; slow, small, tall, long, fast Ø Uncommon, unfair, unreal, unhealthy, inappropriate, incomplete Ø Base-Adj that is changed to be verbby adding (-en): Ø Bright ---- brighten Ø Cheap ----cheapen Ø Large -----enlarge DERIVED ADJECTIVE Ø A lot of Adj derived from other words by adding derivations, examples: Ø suffix (-y) ----- healthy, holy, leafy, heavy, shady Ø suffix (-al) ----- traditional, local, natural, logical, economical, critical Ø Berakhiran (-able) ---- remarkable, acceptable, comfortable, understandable, separable, memorable. Ø Berakhiran (-ful) ----- hopeful, stressful, beautiful, meaningful, useful, helpful. Ø Berakhiran (-less) ----- hopeless, useless, meaningless, careless Ø Berakhiran (-ar) ----- popular, similar, Ø Berakhiran (-ary) ----- literary, … Ø Berakhiran (-ic) --- -- climatic,… Ø Berakhiran (-ish) ------childish,… Ø Berakhiran (-ous) ----- marvelous,… Ø Berakhiran (-ent) ----- convenient, … Ø Berakhiran (-ive) ----- active, …. Ø Berakhiran (-en) ------ wooden, … Ø Berakhiran (-ed) ------learned, tired,…. Ø Berakhiran (-ing) ----- interesting, … Ø Berakhiran (-ly) ------ friendly, ugly, … Ø
3.	Function Words	Function words that markers Adj is called Adjective Qualifiers: very, quite, rather, somewhat, a bit, a little, so, too, more, most, less, least, enough, indeed Adj. qualifiers in comparative, qualifiernya ish: rather, somewhat, no a lot, still, much, lots, even, a bit, a good deal, a little. Several qualifiers joined to be complex qualifying phrases, example: Ø Not so very Ø Pretty darned Ø Rather more Ø A bit too Ø A whole lot Ø Quite a good bit Ø Not quite so much Ø Very much Ø Indeed strong Ø Very strong indeed Ø Quite strong enough Ø Indeed strong enough Ø This story is rather more sensation Ø His health seems not quite so much better Ø He is very strong indeed

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

1. Research Design

This research is kind of qualitative research.

2. Source of Data and Data

The source of data is the researcher herself. And the data that will be used by the researcher in this study is the article from New York Times about retirement entitled Whatever You Do, Call It Work by WILLIAM L. HAMILTON Published: April 21, 2008. The researcher will analyze the article using syntactic markers of Noun and Adjective.

3. Instruments of the research

The researcher will use Documentation (Article) as the instrument to support her research.

The documentation will be used by the researcher to make preparation in doing the research.

4. Data Collection

In collecting the data, firstly researcher tried to find articles that have topics to be analyzed using syntactic markers. After the researcher gets the articles, then the researcher decides one article to be analyzed using syntactic markers. In choosing the article, researcher tried to look and read at glance the article that has as many as possible about syntactic markers of noun and adjective. After finding the article, researcher then analyzes the article using syntactic markers.

5. Technique of Data Analysis

In analyzing the data, researcher will find the syntactic markers that are available in the article. Then, the researcher will present the result in the data tabulation.