SYNTACTIC
MARKER OF NOUN AND ADJECTIVE
IN THE NEW YORK
TIMES ARTICLE
RESEARCH LANGUAGE TEACHING
RESEARCH LANGUAGE TEACHING
Lecturer: Rukminingsih, S.S., M.Pd.
By:
Iska Mawarsita (157004)
Franky Steelman
Derek (157066)
SEKOLAH
TINGGI KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN
PERSATUAN
GURU REPUBLIK INDONESIA
JOMBANG
2017
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
of Study
Language is the most important means
of communication of human beings. By using language, people are able to
communicate and cooperate with others. People use language as the medium of
expressing ideas, feeling, and thoughts. English is one kind of language, which
is used to communicate by people. English is an important language used by
people around the world as it is an International language. So it is very important and it must be learned.
English
has a language structured which is studied in the form of Syntax. Gleason
(1961:128) states that syntax is the study of language and sentence. In
syntactic analysis, Radford (1997:1) says that syntax is concerned with the way
in which words can be combined together to form phrases and sentences.
Moreover, Chomsky (1966:1) states that syntax is the study of the principles
and process by which sentences are constructed in particular languages.
According
to the definition of syntax above, it is concluded that syntax is the
arrangement and relationship among words, phrases, and clauses forming
sentences based on grammatical rules. In this case, studying syntax is very important
since it studies how sentences are formed and arranged based on the grammatical
rule. As a result, to determine the syntactic patterns in the articles about
retirement by New York Times, the researcher decides to use syntactic markers of noun, verb, adjective, and adverb and the markers of
all of it. This is aimed to know the syntactic markers of noun, verb,
adjective, and adverb in the article of Retirement published by New York
Times.
Retirement used to be the pot of gold at the
end of the rainbow, life's reward, time as enviable as wealth. But in an
age-defying, competitive culture, it has become something of a dirty word. Retirement
is when a person chooses to leave the workforce. The concept of full retirement
– being able to permanently leave the workplace in old age.
Benjamin W. Veghte, Elliot Schreur, and Mikki Waid in the
article of SOCIAL SECURITY AND THE RACIAL GAP IN RETIREMENT WEALTH states that “retirement
wealth has three primary components: Social Security, pensions, and savings
(housing assets also play a role, and will be discussed in the next section)”. However,
getting retirement is not a good choice, as we still need job to earn money to
be able to fulfill the needs of our lives. Retirement nowadays is faced by old
people who need to stop working.
Based on the
problems stated above, the writer has a deep interest to know deeper about the syntactic markers of noun, verb, adjective, and adverb in the
article of Retirement published by New York Times. Therefore, the writer
intends to do a research with the title “Analysis on The Syntactic
Marker of Noun and Verb in the Article About Retirement by New York times”.
1.2
Research
Question
Based on the background above, the writer states the
research questions as follow:
1. What kinds of syntactic markers that
are available in New York times article?
2. How is the structure construction of
the sentences in syntactic markers found in New York times
article?
1.3
Objective of
the Research
The objectives of this research based on research problem
above are:
- To find out the kinds of syntactic markers that are found in New York times article.
- To explain the structure construction of the sentences in syntactic markers found in New York times article
1.4 Scope and
Limitation
There are
several kinds of syntactic markers in the study of syntax. They are syntactic
marker of verb, noun, adjective and adverb. In this study, the researcher
intends to limit the research by analyzing the syntactic marker of noun and
adjective. And for the article, the researcher chooses the article about
retirement entitled Whatever You do, Call It Work by William L. Hamilton
published on April 21st, 2008.
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Syntax is determining the relevant
component part of sentence. It also means as describing these parts grammatically
(Wekker, 1985:5). This definition of syntax implies that we start from what is
regarded as the largest unit of syntactic description –the sentence- and
proceed until we arrive at the smallest meaningful unit. This is called a ‘top
to bottom’ analysis. The units smaller than the sentence will be referred to as
clauses, phrases, words and morphemes respectively.
If a word is combined in other words
in English language and form of syntactic structure, there will be a wide range
of structures with various groups that make up the structure of the word. In
the structural approach, there are four types of syntactic structure. The other
structures are only the combination of them. The structure in English language
are grouped into four based on the structural meaning. Those four types are
structure of modification, structure of predication, structure of
complementation and structure of coordination. In this study the writer
analyzed
more about the first type that is
the structure of modification.
B. structures of modification
Aronoff and Fudeman (2005:1) in his book The Grammar of
Words of a Language stated that in analyzing structures of modification,
it is sometimes useful to talk about the "head" of a construction.
The head of a construction is the single word that "gets modified,"
the word that could by itself stand for the whole construction in the grammar
of the sentence. It is the word in the construction that all the modifying
elements "depend on."
Matthews (1974:9). Word Formation of Linguistics:
The structures modification is a modifier in syntactic markers
which consists of Function words, Inflections, Derivations,
and Word order. The main Noun marker is function words, called Noun Determiners. Determiners contains articles, determiner as pronoun, and others. The
next is inflection. In inflections, there are two; those are Plural
inflections (-es) and Possessive or Genitive inflection (-‘s). Derivation also
takes an important role to construct the syntactic marker. Derivation can be
added in verb, adjective, noun, or in bound stem. And the last is word order.
Word order can be seen from the position in the sentence. The position of the
sentence can be before or after verb.
The main adjective marker
is word order & function word,
derivation & inflections. In word order & function word, it is about syntactic
marker that is most dominant for adjectives and the accuracy of the word that
is put in two blank spaces of the structure. It is the position between
noun-determiner ---noun and position after adjective qualifier ---. For
derivation & inflection, they have several elements such as base adjectives and derived adjectives.
For
further detail of theory, here the researcher provides the theory of structure construction of the
sentences in syntactical marker of noun
and adjective.
Table
1. The Data Tabulation of Structure Construction in Syntactic Marker of Noun
NO
|
MARKER
|
EXAMPLES
|
|
1.
|
function
words
|
as
articles
|
a
= there is a girl over there, I watched a movie
an
= there is an angel, it’s an apple, I saw an uncle
the
= the girl beside me is my sister, the boy playing with you was
my cousin
|
as pronouns
|
My
= it is my book, he is my boyfriend, she is my sister
Your
= it is your book, he is your boyfriend, she is your sister
Our
= this is our wedding party, those are our books
Their
= she is their mother, he is their father
His
= it is his pen, that is his phone
Her
= this is her veil, I brought her bag
|
||
as others
|
This/these : this is a cap, these
are caps
Many : there are many people
here, I have many caps
That/those : that is my friend, those
are my friends
More : I have more money, I got more chances
to do this
One : I just have one love, he is
the one I love
Several : I told you several times, I
have given you several chances to change
Both : You must take both proficiency
tests Toefl and Ielts, I need both of you
All : It’s all my mistake, they
are all my friends
|
||
2.
|
inflections
|
Plural
inflections (-es)
|
Book à books (s) : these are
my books, I have many books, I bought a lot of books
Box à boxes (es) : I brought
many boxes, You have a lot of boxes, we need many boxes
Dog à
dogs (s) : she has two dogs, he gets three new dogs, Finda and Anton buy
female dogs
Bus à
Buses (es) : three buses had left the town, many buses are on the road
Pitch à
Pitches (es) : she has good pitches, we need more pitches to win to make our
voice strong
Potato à
Potatoes (es) : I like potatoes, mom is cooking more potatoes for us
River à
rivers (s) : so many rivers in Rome, This city is full of rivers
Cat à
cats (s) : those are my cats, I love these cats
|
Possessive
( -‘s)
|
Students’
: students’ scores are increasing
mom’s
: mom’s birthday is near
Lila’s
: It it Lila’s bag
Father’s
: Today is father’s birthday
My
friend’s : my friend’s jewelry is expensive
my
aunt’s : my aunt’s wedding party is amazing
|
||
3.
|
derivations
|
Add in Verb
|
(-ment) = payment, agreement
(less)
= careless, reckless, flawless
(mis)
= misjudge, mismove
(pre)
= prejudge, pretest
|
Add in Adjective
|
(-ity) =
facility, hostility : we have complete facility, it is just your hostility
toward me
(-ness) =
happiness, boldness : we’ve got happiness in life, it is our boldness to
start the war
(ful) =
joyful, cheerful, stressful : this is joyful, you’re cheerful, I am really
stressful right now
(ism) =
bilingualism : we use bilingualism in this class
|
||
Add in Noun
|
(-ian) =
mathematician, librarian : he is mathematician, he works as librarian
(-ship) =
friendship, sponsorship : this is called friendship, I need sponsorship to
support me
(-dom) = kingdom: our kingdom is powerful
(-hood) = neighborhood: he is my
neighborhood
|
||
Add in Bound Stem
|
(er) =
carpenter: my father is a carpenter
(ism, ist) = communism, communist : we built communism to gather
communist
|
||
4.
|
word
order
|
the
position in the sentence.
|
-
She has got the sponsorship
Sponsorship is Noun
There is article (the)
There is derivation (ship)
It is put after verb “got”
-
Windy has built a kingdom
Kingdom is Noun
There is article (a)
There is derivation (dom)
It is put after verb (built)
|
Table 2. The Data Tabulation of Structure
Construction in Syntactic Marker of Adjective
NO
|
MARKER
|
EXAMPLES
|
1.
|
Word Order &
Function Word
|
v
The syntactic marker that is most
dominant for adjectives is the accuracy of the word that is put in two blank
spaces of the structure “The … Man is very
… “ it is the position between noun-determiner ---noun and
position after adjective qualifier ---
Word that is not suitable in two
places, or just suitable in one of two places, it is not an adjective.
Example:
The strong
man is very strong
The white girl is white
The black girl is
very black
The tall man
is very high
|
2.
|
Derivation &
Inflections
|
DERIVATION: BASE
ADJECTIVES and DERIVED ADJECTIVES
Base Adjectives is original
adjectives.
Derived Adjectives is adjectives
derived from word class except adjectives.
Base
Adjectives
Ø Have
marker of inflectional suffixes ( -er)/ more for comparative degree
and (-est)/ the most for superlative degree.
Ø Example
(er and est for words that have 1 or two syllables):
Ø big-bigger-biggest
Ø example
(more and the most for words that have more than 2 syllables)
Ø beautiful
– more beautiful – the most beautiful
Ø Base-Adj that has a shape change
(suppletion):
Ø Good-better-best
Ø Bad-worse-worst
Ø We can add derivation (-ness) to
be noun dan (-ly) to be adverb.
Ø Adj --- Noun --- Adverb
Ø Black-blackness-blackly
Ø Not only (-ness), but also (-th),
(-ity) to be noun
Ø Dead-deadness-death
Ø Disparate
- Disparateness – disparity
Ø Lucid
- Lucidness – lucidity
Ø There are some Base-Adj which
have never been changed into Adverb, such as:
Small; little; long; ill, cute, fast,
hard, enough.
Ø Base-Adj that is changed into Adv
without adding (-ly):
Ø Adj ------ Adverb
Ø Hard
– hard (NOT hardly)
Ø High
– high (NOT highly)
Ø Fast
– fast (NOT fastly)
Ø Base-Adj commonly consists of one
syllable, there are some words that start with (un-) or (-in):
Ø Good;
strong; bad; slow, small, tall, long, fast
Ø Uncommon,
unfair, unreal, unhealthy, inappropriate, incomplete
Ø Base-Adj that is changed to be
verbby adding (-en):
Ø Bright
---- brighten
Ø Cheap
----cheapen
Ø Large
-----enlarge
DERIVED
ADJECTIVE
Ø A lot of Adj derived from other
words by adding derivations, examples:
Ø suffix
(-y) ----- healthy, holy, leafy, heavy, shady
Ø suffix
(-al) ----- traditional, local, natural, logical, economical, critical
Ø Berakhiran (-able) ---- remarkable, acceptable,
comfortable, understandable, separable, memorable.
Ø Berakhiran (-ful) ----- hopeful, stressful,
beautiful, meaningful, useful, helpful.
Ø Berakhiran (-less) ----- hopeless, useless,
meaningless, careless
Ø Berakhiran (-ar) ----- popular, similar,
Ø Berakhiran (-ary) ----- literary, …
Ø Berakhiran (-ic) --- -- climatic,…
Ø Berakhiran (-ish) ------childish,…
Ø Berakhiran (-ous) ----- marvelous,…
Ø Berakhiran (-ent) ----- convenient, …
Ø Berakhiran (-ive) ----- active, ….
Ø Berakhiran (-en) ------ wooden, …
Ø Berakhiran (-ed) ------learned, tired,….
Ø Berakhiran (-ing) ----- interesting, …
Ø Berakhiran (-ly) ------ friendly, ugly, …
Ø
|
3.
|
Function Words
|
Function
words that markers Adj is called Adjective Qualifiers: very, quite,
rather, somewhat, a bit, a little, so, too, more, most, less, least, enough,
indeed
Adj.
qualifiers in comparative, qualifiernya ish: rather,
somewhat, no a lot, still, much, lots, even, a bit, a good deal, a little.
Several
qualifiers joined to be complex qualifying phrases, example:
Ø Not
so very
Ø Pretty
darned
Ø Rather more
Ø A bit too
Ø A whole lot
Ø Quite a good bit
Ø Not quite so much
Ø Very much
Ø Indeed strong
Ø Very strong indeed
Ø Quite strong enough
Ø Indeed strong enough
Ø This story is rather
more sensation
Ø His health seems not
quite so much better
Ø He
is very strong indeed
|
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
1.
Research Design
This
research is kind of qualitative research.
2.
Source of Data and Data
The
source of data is the researcher herself. And the data that will be used by the
researcher in this study is the article from New York Times about retirement entitled
Whatever You Do, Call It Work by WILLIAM L. HAMILTON Published: April
21, 2008. The researcher will analyze the article using syntactic markers of
Noun and Adjective.
3. Instruments of the research
The
researcher will use Documentation (Article) as the instrument to support her
research.
The
documentation will be used by the researcher to make preparation in doing the
research.
4.
Data Collection
In
collecting the data, firstly researcher tried to find articles that have topics
to be analyzed using syntactic markers. After the researcher gets the articles,
then the researcher decides one article to be analyzed using syntactic markers.
In choosing the article, researcher tried to look and read at glance the
article that has as many as possible about syntactic markers of noun and
adjective. After finding the article, researcher then analyzes the article using
syntactic markers.
5.
Technique of Data Analysis
In
analyzing the data, researcher will find the syntactic markers that are
available in the article. Then, the researcher will present the result in the
data tabulation.
